Quantum Particles: Gauge Bosons

In Christ all things are held together (Colossians 1:17).  Since God is an intelligent and logical Being Who holds the universe together by His power, and since we are made in His image and have revelation from Him, it is possible for us to discover some of the logical patterns by which Christ holds His universe together.  There are four fundamental forces in nature, each of which is an expression of the mathematical way God’s mind upholds creation.  Each of these four forces is associated with quantum particles called gauge bosons.  These gauge bosons are the glue that holds matter together.  When we study these forces, we are learning something about the mind of God.

Stellar Astronomy: Part 2 – The Composition of Stars

In part 1, we examined how to measure the distance to relatively nearby stars using parallax.  We then showed how astronomers compute the luminosity of a star by comparing its apparent brightness with its distance.  This shows that stars are comparable in brightness to the sun.  But how do we know that stars have the same composition as the sun?  For that matter, how do we know what the sun is made of?